What Is a VPN and How Does It Actually Work?
A VPN encrypts traffic between your device and a VPN server. Learn how the tunnel works, what it protects, and where its privacy limits begin online.
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TCP vs UDP Explained Simply
TCP and UDP move data in different ways. Learn when reliable ordered delivery matters, why UDP is useful, and how modern protocols such as QUIC fit in.
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IPv4 vs IPv6: What Is the Difference?
IPv4 and IPv6 use different address sizes and formats. Learn why both exist, how dual stack works, and what the change means for everyday internet use.
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What Is NAT? Network Address Translation Explained
Learn what network address translation (NAT) does, why home routers use it, how ports fit in, and why NAT is not the same thing as a firewall.
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Public IP vs Private IP: What Is the Difference?
Learn the difference between public and private IP addresses, which IPv4 ranges are private, why routers use NAT, and how your devices reach the internet.
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